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The German Basic Law, known as the “Grundgesetz,” serves as the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was ratified on May 8, 1949, and came into effect on May 23, 1949, after approval by the occupying Western Allies of World War II. Initially termed as “Basic Law” to signify its temporary nature until Germany’s reunification, it has remained the definitive constitution post-reunification in 1990. The Basic Law enshrines fundamental rights and democratic principles, outlining the structure of the federal parliamentary republic, including the division of powers among the federal government, the Bundestag, and the Bundesrat. It also establishes the framework for federalism, the judiciary, and the protection of human dignity and rights.

The “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (UDHR) is a foundational document in the history of human rights, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. It was the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. It outlines fundamental human rights that are to be universally protected, establishing a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations.

The Nuremberg Code, established in 1947, is a significant milestone in the history of clinical research ethics. Developed in response to the Nuremberg Trials, where Nazi doctors were convicted of horrific human experiments during World War II, the Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent. It laid down 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments on human subjects. These principles, which emphasize voluntary informed consent, beneficence, and non-maleficence, have shaped the ethical framework for scientific research involving human subjects. The Code has had a profound impact on the formulation of ethical guidelines and codes of conduct in medical research, and its principles continue to guide current research ethics. It’s worth noting that the Nuremberg Code is now accepted worldwide.

The Greek Constitution, as revised by the parliamentary resolution of November 25, 2019 of the IXth Revisionary Parliament, is the fundamental law of Greece. It establishes Greece as a parliamentary republic, where all powers derive from the people and exist for the People and the Nation. The Constitution guarantees the principle of popular sovereignty, meaning that the government’s authority comes from the people. It also outlines the structure of the government, the rights and duties of citizens, and the methods of amending the Constitution itself. The Greek Constitution also addresses the relationship between the Church and the State.

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, on March 4, 1789. Originally including seven articles, the Constitution delineates the national frame and constrains the powers of the federal government.